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This webpage aims to help someone to build a microbial fuel cell (MFC) using relatively inexpensive and readily available materials. The method is based on the microbial fuel cells built by Abbie Groff, a student at Conestoga Valley High School in Lancaster, PA. The research she performed with her MFCs helped her win the Grand Champion Award at the 2005 Lancaster County Science Fair. More information about her research can be found on her website.

This website is intended to be a rough guide to constructing a MFC, not an exact step-by-step procedure.

Materials

Unless otherwise noted, all materials should be available at local stores.

Two heavy duty plastic bottles with sealable lids
Short section of plastic pipe (polyethylene or PVC) for salt bridge
Means to connect pipe to bottles (plastic flanges, end caps with holes drilled)
Agar¹
Salt (NaCl, KCl, KNO₃, etc)
Carbon cloth²
Bacteria³
Food for the bacteria⁴
Fish tank air pump with plastic tubing
Sealing materials (epoxy)
Resistors
Copper wire (plastic coated)
Wires with alligator clips
Multimeter for electrical measurements

Construction Procedure

1. Collect materials

2. Connect end caps of flanges to bottles

* Epoxy end caps or flanges to sides of plastic bottles.
* After epoxy has hardened, drill or cut holes through plastic bottles to allow for contact between liquid and the salt bridge.

3. Assemble Salt Bridge

* Dissolve agar into boiling water (at concentration of 100g/L).
* Add salt to the agar/water mixture while the mixture is still hot.
* Seal one end of plastic pipe.
* Pour agar/salt mixture into plastic pipe while it is still warm and before it begins to thicken.
* Allow the agar/salt mixture to cool and solidify.

4. Assemble electrodes

* Connect copper wire to piece of carbon cloth.
* Use epoxy to fasten the wire to the carbon cloth and to help protect from corrosion.
* Test electrodes with multimeter - there should be a small amount of resistance between a point on the carbon cloth and the end of the wire opposite the cloth.
* For anode, pass wire through a hole in the bottle lid and seal with epoxy. Cathode chamber does not necessarily need a lid.

5. Assemble MFC

* Connect salt bridge between the two plastic bottles and use epoxy to seal.

One of Abbie Groff's MFCs (from www.geocities.com/abigail_groff).

Running your MFC

1. Add inoculum (wastewater, anaerobic benthic sediments) to anode chamber

2. Add conductive solution (saltwater) to cathode chamber

3. Insert anode (connected to lid) into anode bottle. Add cathode to cathode bottle. Begin bubbling air in cathode bottle with fish pump.

4. Connect external circuit through a resistor, and start measuring voltage.

Important Hints for Operating your MFC

1. Oxygen must be kept out of the anode chamber

2. For long-term operation, electrodes should be constructed in a way that limits corrosion of copper wire due to contact with liquids

3. Power can be significantly increased by using a catalyst (typically platinum) on the cathode. Note: Platinum is expensive.

Material Notes

¹ Agar should be available in most high school science labs. If not, it can be purchased from several sources online.

² Carbon Cloth can be purchased online from www.etek-inc.com. The carbon cloth necessary for the electrodes is standard carbon cloth without wet proofing.

³ Bacteria for a MFC can be obtained from several sources. A sample of wastewater from a local wastewater treatment plant would contain the proper microorganisms. Some locations at the plant may be better than others for obtaining the proper organisms. Animal wastewater from a farm would also work. Anaerobic benthic sediments in a creek or lake would also be likely to contain the proper organisms.

⁴ Most likely, wastewater or anaerobic sediments will initially contain enough organic matter to serve as food for the bacteria, but this will eventually run out. A food source (substrate) such as glucose or acetate (vinegar) can then be used to maintain the MFC.

Examples of student MFC projects ( universities and public schools):

Identification of Benthic Microbes Utilizing Bioremediation and Microbial Fuel Cells, Abbie Groff, Conastoga Valley High School,  Newspaper release - pdf (295 kb). Abbie won the Lancaster county grand prize for her project.

Harvesting Energy from Wastewater in a 2-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell - pdf (442 kb), Sikandar Porter-Gill, Gaithersburg High School

Design of a Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell - pdf (1.40 mb), Eric A. Zielke, Humboldt State University

Probabilistic Analysis of a Monod-type equation by use of a single chamber Microbial Fuel Cell - pdf (374kb), Eric A. Zielke, Humboldt State University

Application of Microbial Fuel Cell technology for a Waste Water Treatment Alternative - pdf (1021kb), Eric A. Zielke, Humboldt State University

Thermodynamic Analysis of s single chamber Microbial Fuel Cell - pdf (707kb), Eric A. Zielke, Humboldt State University

Numerical Analysis of a one dimensional Diffusion Equation for a single chamber Microbial Fuel Cell using a Linked Simulation Optimization (LSO) technique - pdf (924), Eric A. Zielke, Humboldt State University

Have you built one? Send us your photos, website, or other information! (email: info@microbialfuelcell.org).

Pictures of student projects:

Abbie Groff's Microbial Fuel Cell project		2-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell design with membrane chamber by Sikandar

This MFC with a salt bridge is made by students form Universidad de Santiago (Chile) and uses a culture of E.coli. to generate 0.22V.		This MFC has been made by Jitendra Aswani, a.student from M.N.I.T, JAIPUR. It is a mediator-less double chamber microbial fuel cell.
This MFC was made by Chaitanya and Shashank. They used waste water both a as substrate and and as a source for mciroorganisms. A agar containing salt bridge was used to conduct the ions. The electrodes were graphite rods wich were taken from batteries. The cost was about $3.